Sensory Polyneuropathy: All You Need To Know

Today's post from nlm.nih.gov (see link below) is a general but extensive post about the sorts of neuropathy that affect most people with the condition. Every now and then, it's important for this blog to publish general information for people either new to the disease, or coming to terms with what their doctor may have told them. This article tells you much of what you need to know and is useful for both patients and those living with patients, helping them to understand exactly what's going on with the strange symptoms they're experiencing. Worth a read.

Sensorimotor polyneuropathy
Medline Plus Update Date: 2/10/2014

Sensorimotor polyneuropathy is a condition that causes a decreased ability to move or feel (sensation) because of nerve damage.

Causes

Neuropathy means a disease of, or damage to nerves. When it occurs outside of the brain or spinal cord, it is called a peripheral neuropathy. Mononeuropathy means one nerve is involved. Polyneuropathy means that many nerves in different parts of the body are involved.

Neuropathy can affect nerves that provide feeling (sensory neuropathy) or cause movement (motor neuropathy). It can also affect both, in which case it is called a sensorimotor neuropathy.

Sensorimotor polyneuropathy is a body-wide (systemic) process that damages nerve cells, nerve fibers (axons), and nerve coverings (myelin sheath). Damage to the covering of the nerve cell causes nerve signals to slow down. Damage to the nerve fiber or entire nerve cell can make the nerve stop working. Some neuropathies develop over years, while others can start and get severe within days.

Nerve damage can be caused by:

Autoimmune (when the body attacks itself) disorders
Conditions that put pressure on nerves
Decreased blood flow to the nerve
Diseases that destroy the glue (connective tissue) that holds cells and tissues together
Swelling (inflammation) of the nerves

Some diseases lead to polyneuropathy that is mainly sensory or mainly motor. Possible causes of sensorimotor polyneuropathy include:
Alcoholic neuropathy
Cancer (called a paraneoplastic neuropathy)
Chronic inflammatory neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Drug-related neuropathy
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Hereditary neuropathy
Vitamin deficiency (vitamins B12, B1, and E) 

Symptoms

Decreased feeling in any area of the body
Difficulty swallowing or breathing
Difficulty using the arms or hands
Difficulty using the legs or feet
Difficulty walking
Pain, burning, tingling, or abnormal feeling in any area of the body (called neuralgia)
Weakness of the face, arms, or legs, or any area of the body

Symptoms may develop quickly (as in Guillain-Barre syndrome) or slowly over weeks to years. Symptoms usually occur on both sides of the body. Most often, they start at the ends of the toes first.
Exams and Tests

An exam may show:
Decreased feeling (may affect touch, pain, vibration, or position sensation)
Diminished reflexes (ankle most commonly)
Muscle atrophy
Muscle twitches (fasciculations)
Muscle weakness
Paralysis

Tests may include:
Biopsy
Blood tests
Electrical test of the muscles (EMG)
Electrical test of nerve conduction
X-rays or other imaging tests
Treatment

Goals of treatment include:
Finding the cause
Controlling the symptoms
Promoting a patient's self-care and independence

Depending on the cause, treatment may include:
Changing medicines, if they are causing the problem
Controlling blood sugar level
Not drinking alcohol
Taking daily nutritional supplements

PROMOTING SELF-CARE AND INDEPENDENCE
Exercises and retraining to maximize function of the damaged nerves
Job (vocational) therapy
Occupational therapy
Orthopedic treatments
Physical therapy
Wheelchairs, braces, or splints

CONTROL OF SYMPTOMS

Safety is important for people with neuropathy. Lack of muscle control and decreased sensation can increase the risk of falls or other injuries.

If you have movement difficulties, these measures can help keep you safe:
Leave lights on.
Remove obstacles (such as loose rugs that may slip on the floor).
Test water temperature before bathing.
Use railings.
Wear protective shoes (such as those with closed toes and low heels).
Wear shoes that have non-slippery soles.

Other tips include:
Check your feet (or other affected area) daily for bruises, open skin areas, or other injuries, which you may not notice and can become infected.
Check the inside of shoes often for grit or rough spots that may injure your feet.
Visit a foot doctor (podiatrist) to assess and reduce the risk of injury to your feet.
Avoid leaning on your elbows, crossing your knees, or being in other positions that put prolonged pressure on certain body areas.

Medicines used to treat this condition:
Over-the-counter and prescription pain relievers to reduce stabbing pain (neuralgia)
Anticonvulsants or antidepressants
Lotions, creams, or medicated patches

Avoid pain medicine whenever possible, or use it only when necessary. Keeping your body in the proper position or keeping bed linens off a tender body part may help control pain.

Support Groups

For additional information and support, see: www.neuropathy.org.
Outlook (Prognosis)

In some cases, you can fully recover from peripheral neuropathy if your health care provider can find the cause and successfully treat it, and if the damage does not affect the entire nerve cell.

The amount of disability varies. Some people have no disability. Others have partial or complete loss of movement, function, or feeling. Nerve pain may be uncomfortable and may last for a long time.

Occasionally, sensorimotor polyneuropathy causes severe, life-threatening symptoms.
Possible Complications

Deformity
Injury to feet (caused by bad shoes or hot water when stepping into the bathtub)
Numbness
Pain
Trouble walking
Weakness
When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you have loss of movement or feeling in a part of your body. Early diagnosis and treatment increase the chance of controlling the symptoms.
Alternative Names

Polyneuropathy - sensorimotor

References

Katitji B, Koontz D. Disorders of the peripheral nerves. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC. Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 76.

Shy ME. Peripheral neuropathies. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 428.
Update Date: 2/10/2014

Updated by: Joseph V. Campellone, M.D., Division of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000750.htm